ABSTRACT
The South Asian populations have a mosaic of ancestries likely due to the interactions of long-term populations of the landmassand those of East and West Eurasia. Apart from prehistoric dispersals, there are some known population movements to India. Inthis study, we focussed on the migration of Jewish and Parsi populations on temporal and spatial scales. The existence of Jewishand Parsi communities in India are recorded since ancient times. However, due to the lack of high-resolution genetic data, theirorigin and affiliation with other Indian and non-Indian populations remains shrouded in legends. Earlier genetic studies onpopulations of Indian Jews have found evidence for a minor shared ancestry of Indian Jews with Middle Eastern (Jews)populations, whereas for Parsis, the Iranian link was proposed. Recently, in our high-resolution study, we were able to quantifythe admixture dynamics of these groups, which has suggested a male-biased admixture. Here, we added the newly availableancient samples and revisited the interplay of genes and cultures. Thus, in this study we reconstructed a broad genetic profile ofIndian Jews and Parsis to paint a fine-grained picture of these ethnic groups.
ABSTRACT
Analysis of urine represents a basic test in the diagnostic battery for most of the systemic disorders and renal diseases in particular. Significant informations can be obtained by urinalysis as many disease processes invariably display urinary abnormalities. It offers a simple, often quick way of following response to treatment in these diseases, without putting the patient under much distress. For urinalysis to be maximally useful as a diagnostic tool, attention to details is necessary in the methodology of urine collection, timely sample processing and most importantly, a thorough knowledge on the various abnormalities that can be detected during the analysis. This article is a comprehensive review on urinalysis, including the intricacies of sample collection, various normal and abnormal physical and chemical parameters with an emphasis on the importance of a meticulous microscopic examination of urine sample to arrive at a diagnosis.